Speech Comm

[prof-cregg.livejournal.com]

201--Speech
All righty, let's here the lies!
********************************************


301--Test Day

I just realized I never gave you a midterm. Please answer the following question.

Define RECIPROCITY and give 3 specific examples.

[Yes, players, you actually HAVE to answer it. No sliding by today.]

Comments

[notcalledlizzie.livejournal.com]

There's no one standard definition of reciprocity, as it can be found in a variety of subjects and examples.

In international relations and treaties, the principle of reciprocity states that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind.
For example, reciprocity has been used in reducing tariffs, granting copyrights to foreign authors, and relaxing travel restrictions and visa requirements.

The principle of reciprocity also governs agreements on extradition.

In 19th century Canadian politics, reciprocity was the term used to describe the concept of free trade with the United States.

Reciprocity in social pyschology refers to positive and negative responses of people to the actions of others; positively interpreted actions lead to positive responses, and the other way around. These reciprocal actions help explain the maintainance of social norms.
It is a reciprocal relationship, and can be used in reference to informal trading of goods and labor in cultural anthropology. The aims of reciprocity in anthropology are (1) helping someone in need by sharing with him or her; (2) creating, maintaining or strengthening social relationships; or (3) obtaining products made by others for oneself.

Anthropologists distinguish three forms of repricocity to encompass the diversity: Generalized reciprocity, for which the defining feature is that those who give the goods do not expect the recipient to make a return of goods at any given time in the future. Generalized reciprocity occurs between individuals who are (or at least are normally expected to be) emotionally attached to one another and, threefore, have an obligation to help one another on the basis of relative needs. Because it includes various forms of sharing with relatives and other people who are defined as close by cultural normals, generalized reciprocity is found in all societies.

In balanced reciprocity, products are transferred to the recipient and the donor expects a return in products of approximately equal value. The return may be expected soon, or whenever the donor demands it, or by some specified time in the future. In the interval between when the donor gave the object and when the recipient returned something, a social debt exists. This means that balanced reciprocity can be used for political and strategic purposes. The capitalist basing of complex societies is a form of balance reciprocity, in which money is exchanged for goods and/or services. Money is also a standard of value, which allows for easy comparison as to the worth of items, which means that both the parties involved in the exchange agree that it is balanced. It also allows the consumers to compare the various goods which they are offered for in exchange, for example, do they purchase two DVDs for the comparable price of one skirt.

The distinguishing charactertistic of negative reciprocity is that both parties attempt to gain all they can from the exchange while giving up as little as possible. It is usally motivated largely by the desire to obtain material goods at minimal cost. Economists called this barter, and it formed the basis for ecomomies before money was invented.